Correlation between Oil and Gold Prices and the US Dollar

Connection between's Oil and Gold costs and US dollar The History The forex trade advertise is one of the biggest and most fluid protections trades on the planet with over $3. 2 trillion in normal every day turnover. This likens to multiple times the normal day by day turnover of worldwide value markets and multiple times the normal day by day turnover of the New York Stock Exchange. The forex advertise is open 24 hours per day, 6 days every week, with the EUR/USD representing 27% of complete turnover. There is a lot of chance to make and lose cash in money trade. The highest quality level time in the U. S. formally started with the death of the Gold Standard Act in 1900. In any case, it was not until World War II that realized the requirement for an overall standard for money esteems and trade rates. The Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944 set up two significant global foundations: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (presently the World Bank). What originated from this understanding was that all the world’s monetary standards would be pegged against the estimation of gold, and with the U. S. dollar on the best quality level, the U. S. dollar successfully turned into the world’s hold cash. The estimation of gold was fixed at $35 per ounce until the best quality level was successfully pulled back in 1971 as President Nixon requested a conclusion to the out-dated framework and the cost of gold was permitted to â€Å"float†. Presently, every significant cash is no longer on the highest quality level yet rather is alluded to as â€Å"fiat† money. This fundamentally implies a country’s own cash is characteristically useless on the grounds that it isn't supported by a save, for example, gold. The worth every cash is in this manner based citizen’s impression of their economy, flexibly and interest for cash as a rule, and how their money is contrasted with different country’s cash. Something to consider however is 40 years prior, the world’s monetary forms used to be pegged against the cost of gold and at last the Dollar. Presently it would not be a stretch to state that worldwide money is on an Oil Standard. From 1944 until 1971, US dollars were convertible into gold by national banks so as to change for any exchange lopsided characteristics between nations. Up to that point, the cost of gold was fixed at US$35 per ounce, and the cost of oil was generally steady at about US$3. 00 for each barrel. When the US stopped gold convertibility in 1971, OPEC makers had to change over their overabundance US dollars by buying gold in the commercial center. This brought about cost increments for both oil and gold, until in the end oil came to US$40 per barrel and gold came to US$850 per ounce. In 1975 when the U. S. Government made an arrangement with Saudi Arabia and OPEC to just exchange oil U. S. Dollars, their â€Å"partnership† adequately gave the USD an imposing business model over every single other cash with regards to oil exchanging. The US has delighted in reasonable oil-based vitality for about a century, and this is one of the prime factors behind the remarkable flourishing of its economy in the twentieth century. While the US represents just 5 percent of the total populace, it devours 25 percent of the world's petroleum derivative based vitality. It imports around 75 percent of its oil, however claims just 2 percent of world stores. In light of this reliance on both oil and outside providers, any increments in cost or gracefully interruptions will adversely affect the US economy to a more noteworthy degree than some other country. Most of oil holds are situated in politically unsteady areas, with strains in the Middle East, Venezuela and Nigeria liable to increase as opposed to decrease. Due to visit fear based oppressor assaults, Iraqi oil creation is dependent upon disturbance, while the danger of political issues in Saudi Arabia develops. The planning for these dangers is questionable and difficult to measure, however the ramifications of Peak Oil are unsurprising and quantifiable, and the impacts will be more broad than basically a rising oil cost. In the mid 1950s, M. Lord Hubbert, one of the main geophysicists of the time, built up a prescient model indicating that all oil holds follow an example called Hubbert's Curve, which runs from disclosure through to exhaustion. In some random oil field, as more wells are bored and as more current and better innovation is introduced, creation at first increments. In the end, in any case, paying little heed to new wells and new innovation, a pinnacle yield is reached. After this pinnacle is reached, oil creation starts to decrease, yet additionally turns out to be less financially savvy. Truth be told, sooner or later in this decrease, the vitality it takes to concentrate, ship and refine barrel of oil surpasses the vitality contained in that barrel of oil. At the point when that point is reached, extraction of oil is not, at this point attainable and the save is deserted. In the early long periods of the twentieth century, in the biggest oil fields, it was conceivable to recuperate 50 barrels of oil for ea ch barrel utilized in the extraction, transportation and refining process. Today that 50-to-1 proportion has declined to 5-to-1 or less. Furthermore, it keeps on declining. The Correlation between Oil and Gold Is there a solid connection between's the costs of gold and oil? It relies upon which information areâ used to quantify. Many value development considers propose that the relationship between's the two ware costs after some time is very solid. Commonly, these examinations depend on information covering broad timeframes and show that when oil increments in value, gold will definitely follow. Then again, there are connections determined from information that show a frail connection between the two costs. The information in these cases for the most part spread time frames as short as years or months. â€Å"From 1965 to 1994, the month to month connection among's gold and oil tipped the scales at aâ veryâ impressive +0. 879. From 1995 to 2000, in any case, this connection apparently disappeared with a negative 0. 133 reading,† as per a May 2004 article by Zeal LLC. â€Å"Since 2000 however, the recorded oil and gold connection has been reestablished, presently again running positive at +0. 715. †Ã‚ It would appear that gold might be all around connected with oil in the long haul, however it isn't really so for the time being. While oil costs have detonated and gold costs have demonstrated stamped thankfulness, heroes of a tight long haul connection between's the two bring out past recorded value developments, for example, those in last 50% of the 1970s. From the mid-1970s to 1980, oil costs rose from around $20 USD per barrel toâ more thanâ $100 USD per barrel in 2008 dollars. Gold tracked and generally quadrupled in cost during that equivalent timeframe. [pic] The drawn out diagram above is additionally truly important to help picture exactly how intently gold and oil costs will in general correspond over key time spans. On the off chance that one glances at significant common patterns estimated in years, gold and oil essentially move in lockstep. Indeed, they digress strategically over shorter timeframes as their individual gracefully and-request impacts direct, yet as time goes on they venture to every part of a similar way. Their costs will in general sway around one another and occasionally cross on this outline. Over the whole four-decade length of time diagrammed on this chart, these month to month gold and oil costs have a relationship coefficient of 0. 835 and a R-Square estimation of 69. 7%. These are amazing numbers over such an extensive stretch of time and truly commute home exactly how intently gold and oil are interwoven. In the event that one concentrates on the extreme right half of this diagram, notwithstanding, a glaring abnormality turns out to be in a split second evident. Since oil bottomed close $11 in December 1998 ($13 in 2004 dollars) it has flooded up drastically in a few resulting uplegs accomplishing a mammoth 312% bull-to-date gain. Yet, over a similar timeframe gold has slacked significantly, just revitalizing by 39% or so in ostensible terms. So far the gold cost has not had the option to try and endeavor to hold equality with oil as of late. Presently the main other comparable time in history when oil was solid and gold slacked was in the late 1970s. As this graph uncovers, for a considerable length of time gold slacked oil however when it at last decided to make up for lost time it fueled higher furiously. Gold, Oil and Dollar Relationship The response to this inquiry starts with the verifiable want of Arab makers to get gold in return for their oil. This goes back to 1933 when King Ibn Saud requested installment in gold for the first oil concession in Saudi Arabia. Likewise, Islamic law denies the utilization of a guarantee of installment, for example, the US dollar, as a mechanism of trade. There is developing dissention among strict fundamentalists in Saudi Arabia with respect to the trading of oil for US dollars. Oil, gold and wares have all been valued in US dollars since 1975 when OPEC authoritatively consented to sell its oil only for US dollars. Today, aside from geopolitical dangers in oil-creating locales, flexibly/request awkward nature from Peak Oil and expanding request from creating nations, the cost of both gold and oil can be relied upon to increment as the US dollar decays. With an ever-expanding US cash flexibly, developing triple shortages and mounting obligation at all levels, the US dollar is probably going to proceed with the decrease that started in 2001. Long haul pattern investigation shows negative connection between's gold costs and the estimation of dollar however gold cost doesn't expand proportionately to the lessening dollar. Market isn't easy to such an extent that each down-day for the dollar relates to an up-day for gold and each up-day for dollar compare to down day for gold. The impact may not be quick and the slacking can at some point be credited to the data hole and delay which an individual squanders in doldrums not being capable how to respond to the changes. Day by day and week by week changes are not significant at all as they don’t give investigator any thought of obvious pattern and interrelationship between them. Inf

Homeland Security Alert In Lax And Other State Airports Essay

To conquer the expanding fear based oppressors dangers in most business air terminals numerous nations have helped on their air terminals security both at home and abroad. Numerous nations particularly Western have encountered numerous psychological militant assault. This has constrained them to imagine on different alarm measures to control these assaults generally to their air terminals. Through Transportation Security Administration officials, Los Angeles have ventured forward to investigation their travelers and planes in their air terminal (Krikorian and Shogren, January 02, 2004). This activity has been roused by specific dread plot realizing more worry on regular remote control toys that are helpful in indicating psychological militants bombs. Aeronautics experts in various nations have settled on conveying gadgets on lightweight suitcases. Travelers with remote control are dependent upon exceptional inquiry. Remote control toys are the most gadgets utilized in careless and different air terminals. Air travelers face increased security which is equipped against conceivable vainglorious fear based oppressor assault. Los Angeles and different countrys government are doing everything to secure their nation (Sauter and Carafano, 2005, p. 2). Transport Security Administration controllers in air terminals in significant urban communities like Los Angeles are underlining on travelers screening and their dialects. There has been additional watchfulness with an intrigue to Los Angeles and different countries not to renounce itinerary items in their air terminals than different vehicles. There is requirement for cautions in air terminals; this ought to be done through air marshals particularly on flights showing up from abroad and covert perception around air terminals. Lax as well as different air terminals have been on Å"Orange Alert  (Oldham, January 23, 2004). There are numerous spots that contends Los Angeles in their latent capacity targets both emblematic and significant. For better security against psychological oppression in air terminals the fundamental anticipation of the assault, consistently there ought to comprehend of the weakness that means danger. Co-organizing of hostile to psychological warfare endeavors among neighborhood air terminals law authorization organizations and Joint Terrorism Task Force has been adjusted in Lax. They have attempted as much as possible to plan and screen methods for forestalling psychological warfare (Byman, 2008, p. 75). Cameras to screen dubious action in air terminals with pilots finishing psychological oppression mindfulness preparing have been received in many air terminals. All air terminal representatives have been prepared on security strategies with police expanding their watch. Gas location framework has been improved to recognize organic and compound poisonous. In aircrafts cockpit entryways and train entryways has been embraced. There is likewise screening of travelers and their gear. Los Angeles has distinguished potential offices on psychological oppressor assaults and set up security plans. Various offices through FBI, police divisions and sheriff have collaborated to make Joint Regional Intelligence Center in which they can gather, share and dissect knowledge information on fear mongering. Progressively hostile to compound suits are required to shield air terminals from synthetic assaults (Hutagalung, November 29, 2008). There is neighborhood law authorization and fire organizations which utilizes diverse radio frameworks. Los Angeles has not set up an exhaustive arrangement on emptying enormous number of individuals in the event of synthetic or atomic assault. There is PC programming that records routine area and canine inquiry at air terminals. Police offers information on potential fear mongers targets and relative essentialness. These information is liable to change incase of security penetrate or dubious action (Oldham, January 23, 2004). End Like different air terminals, careless has been dependent upon government rules ordering hindrances border around all offices. A group for taking care of country security has been set up consolidating various organizations. Improvement of security in correspondences, transportation and open foundation utilities have extended capacity of various nations in distinguishing and reacting to psychological warfare. They have better prepared the individuals who are approached for first reaction in debased condition. Remiss and different air terminals have fixed their security because of fear monger. They have raised security alarms to the most elevated conceivable level as a sign that fear based oppressor assault are coming up. A few measures are obvious and others are most certainly not.

The Price People Pay For Using New Technology Is Their Freedom And

The Price People Pay For Using New Technology Is Their Freedom And The Price People Pay For Using New Technology Is Their Freedom And Personal Relationships Describe â€" Essay Example > Currently in the western societies more people have been employed collecting, distributing and managing information than in other careers. Millions of miles of wire, optical fibre, and air waves connect people, their computers and many other information handling devices together. We are living in a society that can be labeled as an information society (Joinson et al, 2010). The challenge and question that is facing many people is whether this is the society that we want? Leaving the home without mobile phones or no being in position to maintain constant communication using the Internet is unimaginable in the current world and very unbearable to many people. Family, colleagues, and friends expect to contact us any time despite of the distance or time between us. People check mail regularly as well as respond to text messages almost instantly (Wang Wellman, 2010). Technology has come with the price we have to pay in terms of personal relationships and freedom. Constant communicatio n using mobile devices has been criticized for disconnecting people from those who are physically around them. Many people complain they do not get visits from relatives with the coming of mobile phones. People prefer to meet in social places and call to ask about how others are doing instead of visiting them. Groups have been started on social media where important things can be discussed without face to face contact. Personal relationships have suffered where spouses pick up quarrels and accuse each other of spending more times in social media sites instead of engaging in meaningful conversations for the purpose of bonding and being intimate with each other. In many social places where people could engage in conservations with strangers it is no longer the same. People prefer indulge with their phones and chat to friends or strangers online instead of interacting with those people they can see (Christofides, Muise Desmarais, 2012). Pastors have complained of people who get enga ged with their mobile phones when the church service is still going on. In many places of worship there is always a polite notice asking people to switch off their mobile phones when getting into these places. Personal relationships can be hurt by new technology when individuals do not apportion their time properly and make the other person feel ignored and neglected. New technology can be used for increasing interaction or a source of distraction when one is not interested in engaging with the person close to him. Personal relationships suffer because of constant interference and distractions from many quarters. Breakages in relationships have increased due to interference of third parties and providing of unsolicited advice by ‘social media experts’ (Wang Wellman, 2010). People cannot enjoy an intimate conservation without someone getting suspicious or even recording if he or her things what is saying is funny. Private information is leaked in social media forums causing he artaches and divorces. People have to be extra careful and those who become careless are severely punished through shaming and judgment. Embarrassing vides, texts, chats and emails have been produced as evidence for existence relationships when one party was denying. Parents are finding it hard to relate with their children who take upon themselves to copy many things that they witness on the internet. The internet and coming of mobile devices has changed the way people relate since so much information is available on the internet. One can rather search for information on the internet than meeting up with friends to learn about something he is not familiar with (Scherer, Craddock Mackeogh, 2011). Policymakers, researchers journalists, and popular pundits often note that digital technologies have the ability of disrupting personal relationships as well as delivering uninvited content hence the term ‘friendly spam’ from relatives and friends where one is bombarded with forwarded messages that someone believes will interest them. Experts in child development are worried that phones together with personal computer devices distract parents from their children and vice versa and hence preventing engagement into nurturing conversations (Wang Wellman, 2010). Technology enables children to access violent video games, pornography and engage in cyber-bullying as well as other forms of online harassment. Child development is interfered with. The way children relate with their parents change.

The California Gold Rush Essay - 905 Words

The California Gold Rush nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The California Gold Rush of 1849 is one of the most interesting and exiting events of the United States. From the wild stories of men striking it big, to the heart wrenching tales of people losing everything, these are what make it so alluring. There are many aspects of the California Gold Rush; effects on California; individual stories of struggle; and effects on the United States as a young country looking for stability. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;San Francisco was a small town of a few hundred people in 1840, but by 1850 it was a huge city whose economy was injected with gold money. This rapid growth and development was brought on by an accidental discovery by James Marshall.†¦show more content†¦The economy of California is still a major risk taking economy, as it was back in the days of the Gold Rush. Computer companies start and go broke everyday in silicon-valley, producers spend millions of dollars on movies, sometimes hitting it big, and other times going bust. California has gained many of its traits and characteristics from the Gold Rush of 1849, shaping into what it is today. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What effects did the Gold Rush have on people? Some became forever rich, and some lost everything. In 1849, California was a rather uncivilized place, especially San Francisco. Miner’s came from every where to try to find their fortune, but most fortunes weren’t made mining gold, they were made because of mining. Sam Brannan was one such man who made his fortune this way. Brannan bought every shovel, pan, and every other mining related tool he could in the region. A twenty-cent metal pan now became a fifteen-dollar pan, and the only place to buy them was from Sam Bannan. Levi Strauss, a tailor who happened to have very popular canvas pants made his fortune from the Gold Rush. Phillip Armour, of Armour Meat packing company, and John Studebaker just to name a couple more. Unfortunately, not everybody could get rich, for every one person that struck it big; there were thousands that didn’t. It is not uncommon to hear stories of men leaving t heir wife, kids andShow MoreRelatedThe California Gold Rush 525 Words   |  2 PagesCalifornia, the place to turn cant’s into can’s and dreams into plans. The same situation and scenarios apply to today and even over one hundred and sixty five years ago. Then and now are not so different, people are thriving or failing from the land of plenty, supplying themselves with knowledge, wealth, or skill to either spread their wings and take flight or crash and burn. Each state in the United States of America has a correlating nickname to either why it’s famous or an explanation of itsRead MoreThe Gold Rush Of California1447 Words   |  6 Pages3 2016 Gold Rush In the United States, there would be a new overhaul to its identity. By 1848, businesses would eventually see a new and prosperous way to make money. The U.S. also began to see a few cultures begin to spark and the attitudes of people would change, especially their views about taking risks. This overhaul is known as the Gold Rush of California. The Gold Rush made an impact on American society through diversity and people. The traditional beginning of the Gold Rush was theRead MoreThe Gold Rush Of California1017 Words   |  5 Pages Gold is a very precious metal that with in any community is pressed very highly. To a surprise to several, after the United States won California from Mexico. A land owner had found several pieces of gold along the river bed of the San Francisco. Circumstances lead to this land owner not wanting to reveal this information to the world. Nevertheless, the information was spread so began the Gold Rush in California. This magnificent event gave light to great change but was it the right move for progressRead MoreThe Gold Rush Of California1791 Words   |  8 PagesMarshall discovered gold in California, which set its foundation for California’s future success. The Gold Rush gave California’s popular motto of, â€Å"Eureka† meaning â€Å"I’ve found it.† Also, the Gold Rush drew attention to California drawing cultures from around the world to seek better opportunities and make a greater extent of money than they would ever come across. This created California’s population to experience an influx during the 1840’s. Although it increased population in California, there were difficultiesRead MoreThe Discovery Of The California Gold Rush993 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of the California Gold Rush took place by chance. Mainly the amount of the world’s gold is deep underground and embedded in hard rock. Unlike anywhere else in the world at that time the gold in California was simple to dig up, free for the taking and required little tools to acquire any gold. Only things required: a pick or shovel and a pan to shift out the gold from the rock, sand and debris. The Gold Rush affected not only California, but the outcome of the nation. Creating the expansionRead MoreThe California Gold Rush Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesThe California Gold Rush The California Gold Rush of 1849 is one of the most interesting and exiting events of the United States. From the wild stories of men striking it big, to the heart wrenching tales of people losing everything, these are what make it so alluring. There are many aspects of the California Gold Rush; effects on California; individual stories of struggle; and effects on the United States as a young country looking for stability. San Francisco was a small town of a few hundredRead MoreGold Nuggest in Gold Rush California583 Words   |  2 PagesGold Nuggets in Gold Rush California It was day of Jan 24th 1948, James Marshall was building a new sawmill for John Sutter in South Fork of American river near Coloma valley.He spotted some flecks of shiny pebbles.His eyes sparkled when he discovered that it was gold. â€Å"Gold! Gold! Gold! Listen folks, it is not just a hoax!† Get rich and get â€Å"relaxed† in the goldfields of California. You could be another millionaire like Sam Brannan! Everyone from around the world is welcomedRead MoreThe California Gold Rush Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The California Gold Rush 5/1/13 The California Gold Rush Before the Gold Rush of 1849, California was a sparsely populated, unimportant territory of the United States mostly inhabited by the people of Mexico. However, that all changed when on January 24, 1848; carpenter and small time sawmill operator James W. Marshall discovered a gold nugget in the American River that would forever change the history of California and America1. Not only did the Gold Rush lead toRead MoreCalifornia Gold Rush Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesPrior to the Gold Rush of 1849, California was a meagerly populated, an irrelevant area of the United States for the most part possessed by the general population of Mexico. In any case, that all changed when on January 24, 1848; woodworker and little time sawmill administrator James W. Marshall found a gold piece in the American River that would always show signs of change the historical backdrop of California and America1. Not exclusively did the Gold Rush prompt California s permission into theRead MoreEssay on Ca lifornia Gold Rush1491 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact on the United States; the discovery was gold in California. It was in this vastly unoccupied territory that the American dream was forever changed and California emerged as a powerful state busting at the seams. The California Gold Rush shaped California into the state that it is today. California is defined by its promise of entrepreneurial success and its acceptance and encouragement of obtaining the American Dream. During the late 1840s California did not show much promise or security. It

The Depression Of The Great Depression - 2071 Words

Paul Von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor on the 30th January 1933. The Depression did play a vital role in this, however other factors such as the Nazis propaganda, the resentment of the Weimar republic and the political situation of 1932-1933 also contributed to his success. Before the Great Depression, the Nazis gained 12 seats and 2.6% of the vote in the May election of 1928. Despite this, by July 1932, Hitler gained 230 seats and 37.3% of the vote in the Reichstag. This is a dramatic increase in popularity and support with much of this success due to the Great Depression. In October 1929, the American stock market crashed, plummeting the US into a disastrous economic depression known as the Wall Street Crash. US banks recalled their loans in order to pay off their debts, but German companies were unable to pay. German business began to close and millions lost their jobs, as Germany was so dependant on US loans in order to pay their reparations. The reality of the situation made a mockery of the weak, short-lived coalition governments in the Weimar constitution as it highlighted that Germany economic recovery was dependant on US loans and hence Germany was not independent. This enabled the extremist parties to claim they knew exactly how to solve this crisis and Hitler promised the public an authoritarian government in which he could achieve Autarky as well as jobs for the thirteen million people now unemployed. This aspect of unemployment gained HitlerShow MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western world. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of America’s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. During the nation’s financial disaster, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president and made extensive changes to America’s political structure. The effects of the Great Depression had lasting consequences that areRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression1232 Words   |  5 Pagespeople think that the stock crash was to blame for the Great Depression but that is not correct. Both the cras h and depression were the result of problems with the economy that were still underneath society s minds. The depression affected people in a series of ways: poverty is spreading causing farm distress, unemployment, health, family stresses and unfortunately, discrimination increases. America tended to blame Hoover for the depression and all the problems. When the 1932 election came peopleRead MoreThe Great Depression Caused The Depression998 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Depression began during October 1929 and ended during 1939. President Herbert Hover was the president of The Great Depression the causes of the depression has many different factors that played into it. When Wall Street crashed during 1929, approximately 10 to 15 billion dollars were lost because the prices of the stock market which started to decrease rapidly in just 24 hours. Many of the causes of The Great Depression were that there were a lot of overproduction of consumer goods whichRead MoreGreat Depression D uring The Depression1656 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Depression DBQ The Great Depression, however inevitable, took people by surprise when the stock market crashed in 1929. At first people did not fully understand the state of the economy, they could not wrap their heads around the transition from popping champagne bottles to eating bread crumbs for dinner. People were expecting a quick fix to the problem, assuming their lives to go back to normal after a few months, ultimately underestimating the situation America was in. As a resultRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. It was not only an economic situation bit it was also miserable making, made people more attentionRead MoreThe Great Depression : The Greatest Depression1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was one of the lowest points ever seen in history that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. It can be defined as an economic slump in North America and Europe, along with other industrialized areas of the world. The Great Depression was the longest, most severe depression ever seen, and experienced by the newly, industrialized Western world. Although there are pros and cons, as it brought in deep social an d personal problems as well as a new introduction to thought and cultureRead MoreThe Great Depression1292 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the crash Before the start of the great depression the United States was a country of great economic wealth, with new technology being invented and a boom in industry. Due to a boom in America’s Industry because of World War One the economy was at an all-time high with a tremendous amount of prosperity. Following the end of world war one the industrial might that America had was being used for peaceful, domestic purposes instead of being used for violence and war. New technologies like carsRead MoreThe Great Depression1186 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends is the true definition of of what the Great Depression really was. It was a time that most people want to never remember or ever happen again. You would think the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It caused families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920’s was a decade of discovery for America. As mentioned in â€Å"who was roaring in the twenties? —Origins of the great depression,† by Robert S. McElvaine America suffered with the great depression due to several factors but it managed to stay prosperous at the end. In â€Å"America society and culture in the 1920’s,† by David A. Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to societyRead MoreThe Great Depression1551 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The nation as a whole plummeted in one economic downfall. Few individuals escaped the effects of the depression. The hardship of unemployment and the loss of homes and farms were a large portion of the pain caused by the economic crisis. Through all of these sufferings, women had a large impact on society. Women faced heavy discrimination and social criti cism during the Depression Even though through research it is proven

Countertransference Free Essays

Countertransference Tina Huley Psychology: Clinical Mental Health Counseling Professor: Dr. Yvonne Patterson Chicago State University Countertransference Countertransference is the therapist’s unconscious emotional responses when a client discusses a therapist’s unresolved issue. The counselor’s thoughts and feelings in reaction to the client can be from the client themselves or events in the counselor’s own life. We will write a custom essay sample on Countertransference or any similar topic only for you Order Now Counselors should monitor their feelings while working with their clients. Counselors who are aware about their personal issues allow them to manage countertransference. They can feel empathy for their clients and compassion which is helpful in the therapeutic process. Therapists who manages countertransference recognizes their reactions and how it affects the therapy process. A counselor’s unresolved issue is the basis of countertransference. When a client talk about issues related to a therapist’s unresolved issue, the therapist tends to avoid the issue, according to Rosenberger and Hayes article. They will talk about the issue less in sessions with the client. Counselors dealing with unresolved issues pertaining to anger are more comfortable and anxious with angry clients. Therapists showing avoidance behaviors can cause clients to view them as being incompetent and untrustworthy. I agree with the findings in this article. Therapist avoidance also effects the working alliance, the therapist’s social influence, and the sessions. The article discusses what happens when a client brings up issues that are related to a therapist’s unresolved conflict. Managed countertransference results in improvement in insight, self-awareness, and resolution in therapy. A counselor’s ability to respond with empathy, genuineness, respect, acceptance, and caring influences the process of helping the client to identify their problems. Counselors must be able to pay attention to their clients. They must be able to set aside their own problems in order to work with client issues. Counselors in need of resolving unresolved conflicts may want to attempt to receive counseling themselves. How to cite Countertransference, Essay examples

The Declaration Of Language Essays - American Enlightenment

The Declaration of Language [WR122 paper, using Jefferson's "Declaration of Independence" as a model]-RJ The Declaration of Language When, in the course of human language, it becomes necessary for people to create or redefine, words or phrases to express an object or an action; and to assume, among society, the acceptance and usage of these words and their definitions, in one's own language, or idiolect. A decent respect to the opinions of mankind, requires that Americans should recognize slang adopted into language. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that language is expression of thought, in the form of speech or written symbols, that have agreed-upon meanings. That, many large speaking languages contain dialects, or other versions of languages within a community, that are different in some aspects of grammar, pronunciation, or vocabulary. That, because language is a form of one's own ideas and expression, everyone possesses his or her own individual language, or idiolect. That, not only does perception change language, but that language changes perception. That, through the course of history, idiolects have shaped dialects, which have shaped language, which in turn, have shaped concepts. Conservatives, indeed, will dictate that languages will follow a narrow path toward a standard language. And accordingly, expression will follow the rules and guidelines that limit thought, rather than the ability to rethink old vocabulary and enrich new ones. When we speak, write, learn, and think in a slowly evolving vocabulary, which does not adapt to the more rapid introduction of cultures, concepts, fashion, and technology, we must add new meaning to conventional vocabulary. Such has been the language of Conservative American English speakers and writers, who have discouraged the use of creative language and the use of dialects and idiolects. Many individuals have not noticed that new vocabulary is, at many times, adopted into one's language. A large number of slang words and phrases have been considered standard in today's daily speech. To prove this, let us claim a few of the many slang terms that have been adopted. Slang has been used, where other words seemed unfit to describe a thought or feeling: "Awesome." "Radical." "Cool." "Far Out" New words that were created to describe new technology: A "cellular" or mobile telephone. The "internet" or the computer and modem accessed information highway. "Electronic mail" or computer generated mail. A "beeper" or an electronic paging device. Metaphors, similes, and creativeness also create slang: A coward is a "chicken." Money is "bread." A "ride" is a car. One thousand dollars is a "grand." People eat "grub." Smoking marijuana is the same thing as smoking "weed" or "pot." A toilet is the "John." A toilet is the "can." A toilet is the "hole." A "Cop" is policeman. A "Pig" is also a policeman. If something is "bad" it is really "good." Those who are "plastered" are drunk. Those who are "hammered" are drunk. People who are driving too close behind another car are "tailgating." Slang, also evolves in the form of phrases: A person "Kicking Back," is relaxing. "Cut to the chase" or get to the point. Accept the consequences, or "face the music." "Two cents worth," or an opinion. "The whole nine yards" or everything. In the English language, we have petitioned for the use of slang in language. But our creative language has been considered meaningless to conservatives of standard English. Conservatives, who themselves use vocabulary that was at one time considered slang, are unfit to argue against it. Every language around the world adopts slang that, at one point, was considered nonstandard to the majority of the people. Slang is used to provide new shades of meaning. Slang is shared by introducing new concepts, just as new objects and ideas are shared. All vocabulary establishes its meaning through the acceptance of its concept into one's language. We must continue to express thoughts through one's choice of language, and accept them, as we would accept the importance of originality and creativity within individuals. We, therefore, the representatives of a linguistic society, do, in the Name, and by authority of speakers and writers of English, declare that slang refreshes language with new concepts, ideas, and interest; that slang allows language to evolve with society; that

Django Reinhardt Biography Essay Example

Django Reinhardt Biography Essay Example Django Reinhardt Biography Paper Django Reinhardt Biography Paper Django Reinhardt Django Reinhardt is known as one of the most talented jazz guitar soloist and as France’s most famous jazz performer. Django Reinhardt was born Jean-Baptiste Reinhardt on January 23, 1910 in Liverchies, Belgium. His parents were Jean-Eugene who was a musician and entertainer, and La Belle Laurence (also known as Negros because of her dark beauty) who was a dancer. He was born in the back of the caravan, which the Manouche gypsy family lived. His parents named him â€Å"Django† in his Romany name, which means â€Å"I awake† (Dregni, pp1-3). At a young age Reinhardt was introduced to music. Django’s father, Jean, was very talented and supported the family playing music on various instruments while his wife danced. On the back of the caravan where they lived, Jean had a stage where he and his wife performed musicals. Django’s first instrument was the violin which is very popular among gypsies because of the ease of transporting. He had no formal education in any school for music or reading: he was illiterate. His fathers as well as his Uncle Guiligou are credited with teaching him his early musical abilities. At the age of twelve he was given a banjo by a Manouche gypsy friend who saw how much he enjoyed music. Django played the banjo constantly which led to swollen bleeding fingertips. After witnessing how well her son played the banjo, Negro bought him a real guitar. Django, along with his cousin played the guitar on street corners and eventually into Paris (Dregni, pp 13-14) When Django was five years old his father left his mother to go live with his previous wife and children. Django would still see his father when they traveled and crossed paths. Soon after receiving the guitar, Django would venture to Porte de Clignancourt to the see his father and Uncle performing in a dance hall called Chez Clodoche. Django would hide under the tables and listen to the music. He was mostly interested in his Uncle Guiligou’s guitar playing and would watch as he played the chords. Once home, Django would repeat on his own guitar what was played that night in the dance hall. Eventually, his Uncle found him hiding and asked him to play a song on his guitar. He was so impressed with Django’s ability that he was soon playing with his father and Uncle every Saturday night at the Chez Clodoche. It was around this time as well that while playing in a cafe he was noticed by Vetese Guerino, an accordion player. Guerino hired Django to play for the large amount of ten francs a night (Dregni, pp 13-16). Django continued to play in dance halls from the age of 12 to 18 years old. His first record or recording was in 1928. Because of his illiteracy his name was spelled Jiango Renard on the record. It was during this time that he met Sophie Irma Ziegler, also a Manouche girl. They were both enchanted with each other and were together for two years until Django met the beautiful Florine Mayer. Django quickly left Sophie (Naguine), and eloped with Florine in the gypsy way. They were soon expecting their first child (Dregni, pp 31-36). It was during the pregnancy that an accident occurred that would forever change Django’s life. One night after returned home from working, fire broke out in the caravan that he and Florine lived. Both were badly burned and brought to the hospital. Django spent the next eighteen months in and out of the hospital, during which his wife gave birth to their baby boy named Lousson. Django almost lost his leg to amputation, but more importantly his left hand was severely burned. He lost the function of his ring and pinky finger leaving them permanently hooked which left only two fingers to play chords with. Unfortunately, his wife Florine left him when she realized how disabled he was, but Sophie, after hearing of his injuries came to his side. During his hospitalization his brother Joseph brought him a guitar and he practiced continually. Miraculously, he taught himself to play the chords with only two fingers. Django developed a new guitar playing technique that enabled him to play fast and not lose any musical ability (Dregni, p45-49). In 1934 while playing at The Hotel Cambridge tea dance he met Stephane Grappelli. During breaks he and Grappelli who played the violin would play and improvise together. They were later joined by Roger Chaput on guitar and Louis Vola on bass and Django’s brother Joseph on guitar as well. They became a group and recorded their first songs together under the label Ultraphone. It was under the Ultraphone label that Dinah, Lady Be Good, Tiger Rag and I Saw Stars were recorded in 1934. They soon named their group Le Quintette de Hot Club de France and recorded many more songs (Red hot jazz, 2008). When the war broke out in the late 1930’s, Grappelli decided to live in England during the war while Reinhardt returned to Paris. He continued to play with a small group and also put together various bands, and recorded additional songs in 1945 with Django Reinhardt and His American Swing Band. In 1946 Duke Ellington invited him to play with him in America. This was his first experience with an electric guitar. He toured only for two weeks with Ellington and returned to Paris somewhat disappointed with the American tour. He did learn some bop while in American as well electric guitar and continued to experiment with those back in Paris. Django continued his career performing in small cafes until 1951 when he retired to Samois-sur-Seine with Naguine and his son Babik. He spent his days fishing, painting and playing billiards. He also came out of retirement in 1953 briefly for his final recording; The Great Artistry of Django Reinhardt which was released in France as well as in America. He also toured in Switzerland in early 1953 and was set to tour in the Jazz at the Philharmonic tour of Europe, United States and Japan later in 1953. He began having difficulty with his fingers as well as experiencing severe headaches, but refused to see a physician. Django Reinhardt died of a stroke on May 16th, 1953 in Samois-sur-Seine at the age of 43 years old. After the funeral Naguine moved out of the caravan and burned all of Django’s belongings. This is traditional to the Manouche gypsies. The only thing that is kept is a picture. So, Django’s precious guitar was burned along with his other possessions. As well as the guitar that was gone, his music could not be played in keeping with the customs. After his death, it was only non-gypsy people who kept his music alive. Dregni, p262-268). An early death did not stop Django Reinhardt from becoming a star in the jazz world or in the gypsy world. I was amazed with what he was forced to overcome to play the guitar. The fire could have been enough to have many musicians stop playing, but his drive and passion to play forced him to overcome great odds. Also, despite being illiterate and unable to read music he was a huge success. I also found very interesting the Manouche customs, especially the customs surrounding death. Django Reinhardt is known as one the best jazz guitarists of all time.

The Compton Effect or Compton Scattering in Physics

The Compton Effect or Compton Scattering in Physics The Compton effect (also called Compton scattering) is the result of a high-energy photon  colliding with a target, which releases loosely bound electrons from the outer shell of the atom or molecule. The scattered radiation experiences a wavelength shift that cannot be explained in terms of classical wave theory, thus lending support to Einsteins  photon theory. Probably the most important implication of the effect is that it showed light could not be fully explained according to wave phenomena.  Compton scattering is one example of a type of inelastic scattering of light by a charged particle. Nuclear scattering also occurs, although the Compton effect typically refers  to the interaction with electrons. The effect was first demonstrated in 1923 by Arthur Holly Compton (for which he received a 1927 Nobel Prize  in Physics). Comptons graduate student, Y.H. Woo, later verified the effect. How Compton Scattering Works The scattering is demonstrated is pictured in the diagram. A high-energy photon (generally X-ray or gamma-ray) collides with a target, which has loosely-bound electrons in its outer shell. The incident photon has the following energy E and linear momentum p: E hc / lambdap E / c The photon gives part of its energy to one of the almost-free electrons, in the form of kinetic energy, as expected in a particle collision. We know that total energy and linear momentum must be conserved. Analyzing these energy and momentum relationships for the photon and electron, you end up with three equations: energyx-component momentumy-component momentum ... in four variables: phi, the scattering angle of the electrontheta, the scattering angle of the photonEe, the final energy of the electronE, the final energy of the photon If we care only about the energy and direction of the photon, then the electron variables can be treated as constants, meaning that its possible to solve the system of equations. By combining these equations and using some algebraic tricks to eliminate variables, Compton arrived at the following equations (which are obviously related, since energy and wavelength are related to photons): 1 / E - 1 / E 1/( me c 2) * (1 - cos theta)lambda - lambda h/(me c) * (1 - cos theta) The value h/(me c) is called the Compton wavelength of the electron and has a value of 0.002426 nm (or 2.426 x 10-12 m). This isnt, of course, an actual wavelength, but really a proportionality constant for the wavelength shift. Why Does This Support Photons? This analysis and derivation are based on a particle perspective and the results are easy to test. Looking at the equation, it becomes clear that the entire shift can be measured purely in terms of the angle at which the photon gets scattered. Everything else on the right side of the equation is a constant. Experiments show that this is the case, giving great support to the photon interpretation of light. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Investigate, Outline and Analyze UK Food Industry Essay

Investigate, Outline and Analyze UK Food Industry - Essay Example As the report stresses in the modern world of globalisation, the economy of one country is related to that of another. Under such a scenario, free markets exist where the governments do not regulate the prices rather the prices are fixed by the demand and supply system. Therefore, an industry not only depends on the products offered by the domestic companies, but also in this era of globalization and free market, on the competitors in the industry. With the presence of many competitors in the market, people get the high quality products at lower prices. In UK, the government’s liberalization of the economy from the 1980s has led to increased market competition in all the industries. The researcher has chosen the food industry of UK for the analysis. The paper declares that the food industry in UK is ruled by supermarkets and retailers that have an effective supply chain system. The process starts from the cultivation of food in the farm land. The farmers produce the food and the retailers buy the raw materials from them. The retailers then pack the food and bring it to the customers. There are many players in the industry and so the competition is intense. As the market is a free one, so the entry barriers are lower and for that there are new companies who want to enter the market. The food sector can contribute in an effective way. As the food industry is growing and employment conditions are better here, the industry can take a leading role towards the growth of UK’s economy.

Marketing Strategies of Starbucks Coffee Company and Caff Nero Group Essay

Marketing Strategies of Starbucks Coffee Company and Caff Nero Group Ltd - Essay Example As the report declares the business of marketing strategy is to influence the decision of the customers towards a product. Marketing strategy therefore focuses much on building a strong customer base that eventually translates into increased profit margin for the customers. Having conducted a proper marketing research and conceiving the findings, marketing strategy then take effects. At this stage, the precursor of marketing strategy is the marketing plan which gives a structural breakdown of how the strategy will be rolled and the avenues to be explored when reaching the prospective customers effectively and efficiently with the least cost possible. A marketing plan considers what is popularly known as four Ps i.e. product, price, place, and promotion. This information assists in devising a proper marketing strategy. This paper stresses that marketing strategy is one of the most important inputs any business should endeavor to engage in however big or small the business may be. Unfortunately, most businesses are always hesitant to actively do appropriate marketing strategy simply because they do not understand the contribution of the same in business. It is obvious that for a business to thrive and grow exponentially in terms of building and restoring the customer base there has to be an aggressive marketing strategy that will be beneficial to the business. It is rated that Caffà ¨ Nero Group Ltd is position three in UK this is after Whitbread Group's Costa Coffee and Starbucks. The company enjoys a significant number of outlets to the tune of 420 which has spread to

Change Process Management Case Study: Baskin Robbins

Change Process Management Case Study: Baskin Robbins There are many definitions of change. Change can bring meaning to cause to become different or to alter or convert. Change can also mean to undergo alteration or replacement or to pass from one phase to another. Change has always been a necessity in an organization. People react, respond and adjust themselves to the change. Some people in the organization may resist change from happening, and some will follow without protest. Below is the basic cycle of change where people behave when changes take place. From the above, we can say that when changes take place in an organization, there will be denial, emotions, resistance, and acceptance towards the changes. Denial is where the leaders who want to make changes communicate the 5Ws and H that is who, when, where, what, why and how. Changes must also be communicated through various formats so that every people in the organization can aware of the changes. Examples are like email, newspapers, and television, besides using notice board in the organization. In this stage, leader must also state mutual benefits while acknowledging risks. Emotion is the stage where people react when they heard about the changes. A leader must accept that emotion is part of the human condition and they must acknowledge people’s feelings. Emotions can be in term of happy, sad, angry, calm, and others. Leaders must invite feedback from the people around the organization and accommodate their requests, postpone or explain obstacles. Resistance is where people refuse to change. It is a neutral concept and is best dealt with by respecting it, rather than downplaying, avoiding or suppressing it. People usually don’t resist change, but they resist pain or the possibility of pain. They are afraid of the unknown, for example, whether they will be fired, promoted, or even step down from their current position. Acceptance happens when people have no other choice other than accept the changes made by the organization. In this stage, the leader must hold whatever they have achieved or accomplished in the negotiation. They must also follow up all promises they made before implementing changes and reward and recognize the behaviour change when necessary. For example, if the organization promises to give bonuses to the employees that give their best in performance, the leader must make sure that the employees get what they deserve. Below is the illustration of 8 steps of change cycle. This change cycle can be illustrated as an action plan by Baskin Robbins to implement the necessary changes for the organization. The first step in the change process is performance gap. Performance gap means when there is a lack of performance from one organization, and then changes will take place. Based on Baskin Robbins, their mission is to make the Baskin Robbins neighbourhood store a tasty, fun place for our customers. Nowadays, Baskin Robbins has good customer service, online service, quality product and the others. Based on this performance, Baskin Robbins can provide a delivery good services online as a company changes. This changes can satisfy the customer need and wants, it also makes the customer happy in the future. The second step in the cycle of change is to identify a designed future where the changes are made to make sure the organization have a better prospect. In this step, Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins as the owner of Baskin Robbins for sure plan to expand their product to the nationwide in the future. To expand it, the organization should make all the people know about their product, they can provide the delivery online service to the customer and perform better in future. More and more customers prefer buying goods and services on the internet as it provides greater flexibility, speed and choice. As a result, organisations are adding more and more content to their websites, which is fuelling the customers thirst for knowledge. From there, recognize the need for making the changes in the organization. More and more customers prefer buying goods and services on the internet as it provides greater flexibility, speed and choice. As a result, organisations are adding more and more content to their websites, which is fuelling the customers thirst for knowledge. After recognizing the need for making the changes we can then go to the fourth step, which is problem diagnosis. This is where the manager will have to evaluate and understand the problem that the company faces which requires changes. For example, the problem in the company is due to unsatisfied employees such as not on time delivery, wrong delivery places, wrong delivery products and others. In this case, managers need to understand why employees are not satisfied and come out with several ways or methods to solve the problem. The fifth step in the change process is to seek environment alternatives, where managers have to find other alternatives to solve the problem. For example, rather than fire the unsatisfied employees which bring troubles to the company, managers can help the employees to understand the environment of the organization and make them comfortable. From the available alternatives, the manager will have to make a selection or seeking the alternative selection. After selecting the appropriate alternative to solve the problem, the manager will then carries out the plan or implement some action to solve the problem. The action may affect the organization. Whether the implementation is a success or not, managers have to evaluate the outcome of the action they have taken in making the changes. This is the last step in the change process. This is where managers will see whether the outcome or results match with the purpose of the change. Usually, when the company is going through the process of changes, there will be resistance among the members of the organization. This may be caused by their self-interest where they afraid on how the changes will give impact to them. Besides that, people resist changes because of lack of trust and they often feel comfortable with the old ways the organization has operated. The change cycle is the process that can be implemented for all organizations that want to make changes in the organization’s management. For overcoming the resistance to change, there are several methods that Baskin Robbins, who is in charged to implement the change, can take to make sure that the process runs smoothly. First is to educate and communicate with the members of the organization about the changes that they will go through. For example, Baskin Robbins must give enough information and ensure the change is clearly communicated to those it affects. This way, members of the organization can prepare themselves for the changes that will affect them. The second way to overcome the resistance to change is ensuring the participation and involvement of all members of the organization. For example, when there are meetings or activities held by the organization for the changes process, the managers must ensure that all members participate and involve in the activities and make them comfortable with the new changes. Thirdly is by negotiating and make an agreement. Negotiation is where there is an understanding dialogue or meeting between two parties, for example, the organization that want to implement changes and the members or employees. After these two parties have negotiated, they will come to an agreement between the unions and organization. In conclusion, the change cycle process can help the Baskin Robbins to make changes in the organization. When there are changes, there will be resistance by those who don’t want to come out from their comfort zone. Leadership in a change process involves helping people accept the current realities and make effective choices. One can then be helpful in assisting them in taking responsibility for pursuing these choices. However, Baskin Robbins may make the changes at any time because there is no perfect time to make changes in the organization.

Mind and Citadel Essay

Masculinity is the properties characteristic of the male sex. Characteristics include strength, toughness, brutality and many more. All of which are the characteristics of the boys who attended The Citadel in hopes of leaving the school as men. Susan Faludi, author of The Naked Citadel, writes about the problems within the prestigious school, the major problem, being sexism. The Citadel’s problem can be almost clearly supported by Malcom Gladwell’s Power of Context argument from his book the Tipping Point. The militaristic environment at the Citadel changes each cadet’s character into an extreme emotionally ruined version of who they once were. These changes turn into violence in the extreme. Perception is the key to many disagreements within society. This holds true in the situation that affects The Citadel. When a girl, Shannon Faulkner, applies to be the first female admitted to the Cadet Corps. She attempts to mess with the system by leaving out her gender. The perception at the Citadel is that women would not be a good fit in the school. Tradition has a major part with this. It is apparent that Shannon’s entrance to the Citadel has proven to become a threat to the Citadel community since it is an all-male institution, intended to train real men. The Citadel has always been an all boy school as â€Å"except of course, they weren’t really boys at all. These were college men† (Faludi 78). Who’s to say however that they are in fact men? What defines a man? Within the society a man is expected to think, act and live in a masculine manner. Showing emotions or sensitivity is considered taboo among the males. In the Citadel a man can act in a manner in which the threat of breaking the public norms is not eminent. The way of life in the Citadel made it almost impossible to live for a woman. Society as a whole saw the Citadel as an established all male school and they were determined to keep it that way. However, this perception is based on what is seen from an outside perspective. Gladwell defines this aspect of perception of character as the FAE, Fundamental Attribution Error. Gladwell writes, â€Å"The mistake we make in thinking of character as something unified and all-encompassing is very similar to a kind of blind spot in the way we process information† (162). If character is something unified, then everyone must be classified as one in the same. The mistake the Citadel is making is having their all boy school rule become a blind spot for the future. The future that lies ahead can never be, if the Citadel sticks to their tradition. While tradition is what made the school so prestigious, a change in time may also need a change in tradition. A women can just as easily â€Å"be one of the guys† as any other guy. While men have defining characteristics that make them appear different from women, there are many attributes, such as personality that isn’t so distinctive between certain people. The Citadel being filled with men who everyone knew would resist the idea of a women being admitted to the school, needed someone who could â€Å"fit† in. â€Å"Robert Patterson, the Citadel attorney who had previously represented V. M. I. , asked Astin, his voice full of unflattering insinuation about the kind of woman he imagined her to be. Astin: I suppose the same as the kind of men who want to go there. Patterson: Would it be a woman that would not be all that different from men? Astin: Yes. † (Faludi 95). This quick interrogation of Alexander Astin explains that men and women are not different after all. While Patterson thought he found the winning point to his case, he actually put himself and the Citadel in a hole. Women, who would apply to The Citadel, feel that they have the ability to compete with the existing me inside. Everyone knew how the Citadel was run. It was filled with aggressive men under military rules. But Shannon Faulkner still applied. Sharron Faulkner was the type of women that Patterson perceived would be able to attend the Citadel. You could cite her memory that as a small child she preferred playing outside with the boys to playing with certain girls whom she deemed â€Å"too prissy†Ã¢â‚¬  (Faludi 96). Shannon was always, â€Å"one of the boys†. Her background and general attitude is extremely similar to anyone of the â€Å"men† at the Citadel. Even with this, the Citadel is still against the idea. â€Å"The psychologist Walter Mischel argues that the human mind has a kind of â€Å"reducing valve† that â€Å"creates and maintains the perception of continuity even in the face of perpetual observed changes in actual behavior† (Gladwell 162). The way our mind works, it is hard for people to have multiple views on something. In the case of the Citadel, society perceived the school as a strict all boy school that is not suitable for any women. Society also perceived Shannon as just a woman. â€Å"Just† isn’t putting down that aspect, but that is all that society saw her as. So if the Citadel is looked at and known as an all boys militaristic school that women would never be able to step foot into as a student and Shannon was looked at as just a woman then in no way shape or form would she ever be allowed to attend that school. That’s the problem with our society. We base our judgment on what we see, not on what we know. Any women who is willing to put herself through that type of embarrassment and trouble and even death threats just to get into a school, in my mind is more of a man than any of those kids in the Citadel. Society is filled with stereotypes and that is what everyone is based off of. You, the next guy and me will always be looked at by society as part of a stereotype. This is the problem with the Citadel, and society in general. Perception is key in all events that occur at the Citadel. Perception plays a strong role in the Power of Context as wells as sexism at the Citadel. The focus on environment is the main aspect of the Power of Context. It says the people are â€Å"acutely sensitive to their environment† (Gladwell 159). People are therefore prompted to do certain things based on their perception of their environment. This is exactly what was occurring at the Citadel. The cadets were prompted to react physically towards each other based on what their perception of a man was. Knobs told me that they were forced to run through the showers while the upperclassman â€Å"gaurds† knocked the soap out of their hands and, when the knobs leaned over to retrieve it the upperclassman would unzip their pants and yell, â€Å"Don’t pick it up, don’t pick it up! We’ll use you like we used those girls! † (Faludi 105). The Citadel continually expresses the idea of being a man. However, the upperclassman takes advantage of this and confuses strength of a man with violence. These knobs that come into the university as boys, are turning into emotionally stunted individuals. They lack the understanding of a real man. As well as what it means to be in a relationship a part from other men. Women, whether they believe so or not, are a great importance to the future of the Citadel. The reality of the Citadel, however, is that it’s producing less â€Å"men† and more homosexuals. This may in fact be a direct result of no women in the vicinity. â€Å"When a Citadel attorney asked Doucet why female cadets would pose a problem on the campus, the only issue he raised was the humiliation that cadets feel if women observe the cadets’ on-campus interactions† (Faludi 104). Humiliation may be one of the strongest emotions that can alter ones character forever. However, if women were allowed in the school than humiliation would not be an issue because the men would change their ways to please women. Women posed no actual threat to the school, except the embarrassment of the cadets. Is that even a legitimate reason to prevent a girl of getting an education? Shannon was faced with more humiliation and threats than the boys in the school could ever imagine. Then, as they turned back to the house, they saw that across the white porch columns and along the siding of the house, the words, â€Å"Bitch,† â€Å"Dyke,† â€Å"Whore,† and â€Å"Lesbo† (Faludi 94). The Citadel Cadets were criticizing Shannon Faulkner because she wanted to be accepted. It just so happens that all the terms they used all categorized her as a man. Shannon could speak, act and dress like a man but no matter what she will never be able to be fully accepted beca use in their minds only a man a true man is suited for the school. The controversy at the Citadel is a sad but eye opening example of how our society is. Society puts them in a mindset where only one way is the right way. If society can open up their brains to more opportunities than a lot of problems would be alleviated. Malcom Gladwell poses the reasoning of the Citadels problems with the idea of the Power of Context. There is so much that goes on in a situation that it should never be that easy to give an answer. The situation at the Citadel is un-fair and wrong. Women are just as smart and important as men and should have the same rules. But in that argument, if you want to be treated the same, you can’t complain.

Solons Constitution and the Rise of Democracy

And all the others were called Thetes, who were not admitted to any office, but could come to the assembly, and act as jurors; which at first seemed nothing, but afterwards was found an enormous privilege, as almost every matter of dispute came before them in this latter capacity.- Plutarch Life of Solon Reforms of Solons Constitution After dealing with the immediate crises in 6th century Athens, Solon redefined citizenship so as to create the foundations of democracy. Before Solon, the eupatridai (nobles) had a monopoly on the government by virtue of their birth. Solon replaced this hereditary aristocracy with one based on wealth. In the new system, there were four propertied classes in Attica (greater Athens). Depending on how much property they owned, citizens were entitled to run for certain offices denied those lower on the property scale. In return for holding more positions, they were expected to contribute more. Those who were worth 500 measures of fruits, dry and liquid, he placed in the first rank, calling them Pentacosiomedimni (note the prefix meaning five);Those who could keep a horse, or were worth three hundred measures, were named Hippada Teluntes, and made the second class (note the hipp- prefix meaning horse);The Zeugitae, who had two hundred measures, were in the third (note the zeug- is thought to refer to a yoke).Solon added, as a fourth class, the thetes, serfs with only a small amount of property. Classes (Review) PentacosiomedimnoiHippeisZeugitaiThetes Offices to which members could be elected (by class) PentacosiomedimnoiTreasurer,Archons,Financial officials, and theBoule.HippeisArchons,Financial officials, and theBoule.ZeugitaiFinancial officials, and theBouleThetes Property Qualification and Military Obligation Pentacosiomedimnoiproduced 500 measures or more of produce per year.Hippeis (cavalry)produced 300 measures.Zeugitai (hoplites)produced 200 measures.Thetesdidnt produce enough for the military census. It is thought that Solon was the first to admit the thetes to the ekklesia (assembly), the meeting of all citizens of Attica. The ekklesia had a say in appointing archons and could also listen to accusations against them. The citizenry also formed a judicial body (dikasteria), which heard many legal cases. Under Solon, rules were relaxed as to who could bring a case to court. Earlier, the only ones who could do so were the injured party or his family, but now, except in cases of homicide, anyone could. Solon may also have established the boule, or Council of 400, to determine what should be discussed in the ekklesia. One hundred men from each of the four tribes (but only those in the upper three classes) would have been picked by lot to form this group. However, since the word boule would also have been used by the Areopagus, and since Cleisthenes created a boule of 500, there is cause to doubt this Solonian accomplishment. The magistrates or archons may have been selected by lot and election. If so, each tribe elected 10 candidates. From the 40 candidates, nine archons were selected by lot each year. This system would have minimized influence-peddling while giving the gods the ultimate say. However, in his Politics, Aristotle says the archons were selected the way they had been before Draco, with the exception that all citizens had the right to vote. Those archons who had completed their year in office were enrolled in the Council of the Areopagus. Since archons could only come from the top three classes, its composition was entirely aristocratic. It was considered a censoring body and the guardian of the laws. The ekklesia had the power to try archons at the end of their year in office. Since the ekklesia probably selected the archons, and since, in time, it became common practice to make legal appeals to the ekklesia, the ekklesia (i.e., the people) had the supreme power. References J.B. Bury. A History of Greece.Reed Colleges David Silvermans Early Athenian Institutions (http://homer.reed.edu/GkHist/EarlyAthenianLect.html)John Porters Solon (http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/CourseNotes/SolonNotes.html)Athenian Democracy (http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/cl/iahcla~7.htm)Ancient Greece: Athens (http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/ATHENS.HTM)